References

Fundamentals and reference values

• Perry J, Burnfield JM (2010). Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function (2nd ed.). SLACK Incorporated, Thorofare NJ (textbook). Source

  Source of the widely used eight-phase gait-cycle terminology (initial contact, loading response, mid stance, terminal stance, pre swing, initial, mid and terminal swing) and typical sagittal joint patterns.

Joint kinematics

• Perry J, Burnfield JM (2010). Gait Analysis: Normal and Pathological Function (2nd ed.). SLACK Incorporated, Thorofare NJ (textbook). Source

  Source of the widely used eight-phase gait-cycle terminology (initial contact, loading response, mid stance, terminal stance, pre swing, initial, mid and terminal swing) and typical sagittal joint patterns.

• Kadaba MP, Ramakrishnan HK, Wootten ME (1990). Measurement of lower extremity kinematics during level walking. J Orthop Res 8(3):383–392. Source

  Sagittal-plane hip, knee and ankle patterns were consistent and repeatable between sessions; pelvic and transverse-plane angles were smaller and more variable.

Muscle function

No verified sources added yet.

Forces and mechanics

No verified sources added yet.

Learning design

No verified sources added yet.

Teaching simplifications and model assumptions

• Joint angles in lessons and the Movement Lab are approximate teaching values, not measured participant data.
• Event timing (e.g. heel strike, foot flat, toe off) is teaching-event timing, not an exact event claim.
• Muscle highlights are qualitative phase emphasis, not EMG or muscle force.
• The 3D skeleton is registered to an articulated teaching figure; registration is illustrative, not anatomically validated.